Karl Marx- Manifesto of the Communist Party Essay

Karl Marx-Manifesto of the Communist Party - Essay Example ried on a continuous, presently covered up, presently open battle, a battle that each time finished, either in a progressive establish of society everywhere, or in the normal destruction of the fighting classes† (Marx). In like manner, Karl Marx saw cultural structures as involving successfully two segments; in particular the â€Å"bourgeoisie and the proletariat† in affirming that â€Å"our age, the age of the bourgeoisie, has, anyway this unmistakable component: it has disentangled class hostilities. Society all in all is increasingly separating into two incredible unfriendly camps, into two extraordinary classes straightforwardly confronting one another - bourgeoisie and proletariat† (Communist Manifesto, 1848). To this end, the hidden recommendation of the Communist Manifesto is that the social class battle under the industrialist social worldview, while making mistreatment of the â€Å"proletarians†, eventually fits the end of free enterprise through insurgency. For sure, Linklater places that â€Å"the structure of world free enterprise ensured the rise of the primary genuinely all inclusive class which would free species from the outcomes of antagonism among states and nations† (In Devetak et al, 2007 66). Besides, Larson et al allude to the contention that communists grasped the undertaking of average workers preparation and that â€Å"the points of view which communist scholars can be isolated are progressive worker's organization movement and progressive change of industrialist society (Larson et al, 38). From one viewpoint, on the off chance that we consider this regarding the contemporary financial system; constant advancement of social structures and death of settled in class hindrances would propose that Marx’s â€Å"bourgeoisie and proletariat† class model might be excess and subsequently ought to be seen as exclusively logically as far as the socio-political background impacting Marx’s hypothesis at that point (Bottomore 23). For instance, Bottomore features that â€Å"changes in regular workers governmental issues during

The impact of substance abuse in the work place Essay

The effect of substance maltreatment in the work place - Essay Example Being a manager, my obligation includes keeping up a beneficial, protected and secure condition for all representatives at the work place. It is likewise my obligation to assess and lead execution conversation with representatives. Over the span of my obligation as a director, it is required of me to treat all representatives decently in a way that doesn't belittle anybody (opm.gov). During my administrative obligation, it became obvious that Balbito showed the accompanying issues of non-attendance at work missing work for around two days every week. Furthermore, Balbito additionally had the accompanying issues; falling debilitated at work as often as possible, missing cutoff times, dozing at work, issues with taking care of volunteers in an expert way and being at loggerheads more often than not with other collaborators. Therefore, the circumstance provoked me to take mediation and referral groundwork for the representative before the genuine intercession and referral. To this respe ct, it got advantageous to write down the exhibition issue as compactly and unequivocally as could be expected under the circumstances. What's more, it was important for me to set myself up expertly for a helpful encounter with the representative, Balbito (opm.gov). The duty of diagnosing drug misuse or liquor misuse isn't among my obligations. Besides, having all responses to issues of a representative is likewise not my obligation. The obligation of giving treatment or advising is the obligation of the EAP experts not the administrator. In my own point of view, these issues are for the most part identified with liquor dependence. In spite of the fact that Balbito had before conceding having issues with liquor misuse, I recognized that it was fairly an enslavement. Balbito purportedly utilized liquor for recreational purposes, yet the indications of flighty treatment of his obligations recommended habit of liquor because of its utilization as a pressure reliever. Since my expert re quires exacting management of the exhibition of representatives, I mean to address the issue carefully with no compassion in this specific situation (opm.gov). Initially, will gather the representative (Balbito) and express my anxiety seeing his presentation as a human asset proficient. In the most exact way, will illuminate him regarding the issue of liquor dependence that has become obvious. Also, I will profit the documentation of the issue to him in an expert manner as the chief. Finally, I will request a clarification from him with respect to his presentation. Since the representative (Balbito) had just conceded his concern in regards to liquor misuse, I will abstain from individual issues and casing the conversation carefully to issues relating execution to determine his concern. In an expert viewpoint, am going to address my anxiety in regards to execution to get the representative (Balbito) to recognize the exhibition issue. During the presentation conversation with the clie nt, I will arrange the representative (Balbito) to quit answering to work affected by liquor since it negatively affects his exhibition. Adding to this, I will give the worker a fortnight to enhance his presentation inability to which, he is dependent upon suspension from work for a time of one month. To make the intercession compelling, will allude the representative (Balbito) to worker help program proficient for guiding. By doing this, data concerning his security in regards to this issue will be benefited to him.

Nicholas Carr Is Google Making Us Stupid

Nicholas Carr Is Google Making Us Stupid “It is important to distinguish between the power of the Internet to make the great change it can, and the limits and vulnerabilities of that change”,- Naomi Wolf Peering into the future as the technologies takes off, internet has immense impact on our every-day life. There is no doubt it has made our life become easier and more convenient. Being world-wide network it has contributed greatly in many aspects: form communication to information sharing. However, while it retains its’ strong positions giving us extensive experience in what we are doing, yet the negative impact of it takes place as well. Criticism of the Web most often questions whether we are becoming more superficial and scattered in our thinking. As the internet offers us the benefits of quick and easy knowledge, it is affecting the brain’s capacity to read longer articles and books. This concerns were released in the July-August 2008 Atlantic magazine, where Nicholas Carr published his magazine article Is Google Making Us Stupid? What the Internet is doing to our brains (alternatively Is Google Making Us Stoopid. This article was on top of discussions in the internet and gained a lot of reviews on the issue. Nicholas Carr being famous and well-respected technology writer, has an important voice today in pointing to the nervousness that many people have about technology. Like other critics, he sees change as loss and not as gain. Summary “is google making us stupid?” Carrs main argument is that the Internet might have detrimental effects on cognition which diminishes the capacity. He began this essay that he had difficulties concentrating while reading long articles or books. Nicholas Carr claims that regular Internet usage may have diminished his ability to concentrate. And there are many people who supports him, for example, Heidi Julavits says: “I wont deny that I have a far more productive writing life without the Internet, mostly because I rekindle my ability to concentrate on one thing for a period of longer than three minutes.“ The author states that student have changed their approach to study and learning process in general, they are more distracted by the content that Internet offers, they are getting lazy and spend more time online than it is requred. This is how Nicholas Carr is presenting his voice of concerns: Im not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel it most strongly when Im reading. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and Id spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. Thats rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. I feel as if Im always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle. Of course, as a writer, he finds the Web a valuable tool, but he thinks its having a bad effect on his concentration. Carr admits that we, meaning the humanity and society nowadays, read a lot more because of the Web, but deplores this saying that our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged. Despite the essay provides with plenty of examples why Internet is bad for learning (he shares some responses on blogs, provides with anecdotes), unfortunately Carr sees only one side of the change that humanity is going through. Of course, we see that books are loosing their readers, as books are becoming unpopulated and even obsolete. Moreover, some people could not simply affor buying books, as they are expensive and hard to get. In addition, the knowledge presented in books, is slow to develop, hard to respond to, and sometimes it is not in up-to â€"date state. Therefore, people rely on the Internet resources to get the information they need, they look for another options (in some cases people even order books online as it is considered as almost the same source of knowledge or tool to learn). It is easy to criticize a new technology; it is harder to understand how the new technology can help create new abilities in humans. And even much harder to understand how technology can actually recapture and re-enable human abilities- it allows us to work more efficiently, to meet new interesting people, and of course for pure entertainment. All we need to do here is to make it well- balanced: the time for learning, the time we spend online, the resources, materials and the books we use combining this approach with lowering up the distractions in Internet called to reduce the time waste online. Keeping these in mind, we need to accept the fact that even in the most useful, handy and profitable things there is always sort of a danger. While it may seem like everyone surfs the web these days, there is fine line between casually checking your social media pages and having a full blown internet addiction. We should not allow internet to distract or disturb our minds. It is necessary to understand that falling into the lure of exploring everything that is available in world-wide network can be harmful and as the result, might lead to internet addiction. So moderate and restrained usage of internet is the key to make it beneficial for us as well as bringing harmony in our lives. To sum up, the first question, which was stated in the beginning of this article, needs to be answered. With all respect to such a great writer as Nicholas Carr, i cant agree with his statement nor with the argument he had provided. In my opinion, Google is not making us stupid. What Google and the World Wide Web are doing is helping people to learn by providing them variety of choices, getting us with access to plenty of tools, platforms, materials and other web resources. Moreover, Google, being the biggest search engine, connects us with people from all over the world and by his connections we can find people alike sharing the same interests, supporting each other in learning and helping in every moment of need. Google is, indeed, making us smarter as we re-discover new ways to learn.

Assessment Of Community Level Barriers - 1460 Words

Assessment of Community-Level Barriers Every community has barriers to success, it is the duty of its members to find a way to break those barriers and succeed at helping the members in the that community. â€Å"A community assessment is basically a description of a community and its people. The purpose is to identify the needs of a community in order to provide services appropriate to those needs.† (nnlm.gov,2016) Building off the plan and goals set for the model program I created this paper will evaluate the critical barriers that risk the success of the program. ‘Moving Up’ is a program to offer services in alcohol and drug rehabilitation. The vision for this program is to create a clinic/medical office that offers every service a person could need to fight and win against substance abuse addiction. The goal of Moving Up is to service the entire community in one location. Moving Up will have the ability to complete full medical evaluations, full mental health assessment, and social service assessmen t. The ideal situation is not for the program to turn anyone away who needs our care. The majority of funding comes from local charity. In addition, the program applies for federally funded grants but those are not guaranteed. Once an initial full evaluation is done on each patient Moving Up can create a program designed specifically for the needs of that community member. Each day the clinic will offer several different meetings and classes. We will offer classes on addiction,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Community Based Wellness Program1659 Words   |  7 PagesInstitutional Review Board at the University of Mary. The community-based wellness program was designed by the researchers based on current literature on the effectiveness of such programs with the PD population. 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Through this need assessment proposal, I hope to highlight the health needs, why it is considered a public health issue forRead MoreImproving Communication With Non English Speaking Immigrants1675 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicate has become a great ne ed in our country. In the medical community it is especially important to be able to communicate with one another and be understood. Providing goals that will support communication, will foster the communication between patients and providers to give and receive the best optimal care. Medical providers can deliver better communication with non-English speaking patients by conducting a primary assessment, using appropriate interventions, and continuous monitoring. TheRead MoreDeveloping Successful Community Health Programs1153 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping successful community health programs requires careful planning, flexibility, and patience. The planning and evaluation cycle is a fluid process that rarely moves in a linear direction (Issel, 2014). When entering a community, educators must forgo their preconceived notions and perform a thorough needs assessment, a critical first step. Adequate needs assessments often form the basis for goal setting, program planning/development, and program implementation (Gilmore, 2012). FurtherRead MoreHistory Of Pender s Health Promotion Model783 Words   |  4 Pagesfor research on health behavior center on personal experiences, perceptions, emotions and self-assessment within the psychosocial and physical environments. The research foundation suggests that complex interactions between variables can positively or negatively modify one another. The commitment and continuation of a behavior chan ge over time is directly related to the person’s perceptions of barriers, trust in their own capacity and skills, positive feelings towards the behavior and situational

The Influence of Sharing Economy for Sustainability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1569 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Sustainability Essay Did you like this example? Abstract With the development of economy, the sharing economy, an emerging economic model, has drawn increasing attention of both the public and government. In order to explore the influence of the sharing economy for sustainability, the survey via questionnaires were conducted in April, 2018 among professors about their attitudes and opinions towards sharing economy and social, economic and environmental sustainability. The 250 questionnaires have been answered, but only 246 are valid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Influence of Sharing Economy for Sustainability" essay for you Create order According to the results of the survey, the sharing economy promotes human development, lets cost-saving and optimizes resources allocation, decreases emission and saves energy. Their worries are mainly due to imperfect operation and management mode of sharing economy and think sharing economy will case a waste of resources. In the future, the sharing economy should strive to improve the management mode and give full play to its positive role in sustainability. Key words: sharing economy; sustainability; questionnaires; social sustainability; economic sustainability; environmental sustainability; Introduction There is rapidly growing interest in the nature and impacts of the sharing economy amongst entrepreneurs, innovators, incumbent businesses, policy-makers, media commenters and academic researchers alike (chris,2015). In 2011, Times listed the sharing economy as one of the top ten ideas that will change the world. In the academia, sharing economy also caused a heated (Wu 2016, Zhi 2016). As the term of Sustainable Development was put forward by World Commission on Environment and Development in the report named Our Common Future (Brundtland, 1987), it attracted attention wildly. There are three types of sustainability, namely, social sustainability, economic sustainability and environmental sustainability (Wu 2016? Zhi 2016). In this paper, I will discuss what impact will the sharing economy takes to sustainability, included social, economic and environmental. From the perspective of social sustainability, scholars concluded that sharing economy will promote human development (Hancock , 2001), safety and effectiveness (Feeney et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2008) as well as offering more jobs (Fang et al., 2015) while others suggested that regulations are necessary to confront with potential problems (Harding et al., 2015; Schechner, 2016; Sun, 2015). From the perspective of economic sustainability, scholars deemed that although being cost-saving (Shaheen et al., 2007; Bonsall, 1981; Porter et al., 2011; Zhao J, 2015), shared economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion (Matzler et al., 2015; Qiang et al., 2016; Zervas, 2015). From the perspective of environmental sustainability, studies show that sharing economy will benefit environment by optimizing resources allocation (Hamari et al., 2015), decreasing emission and saving energy (Kriston et al., 2010; Belk, 2014; Martin et al., 2011; Jeremy Rifkin, 2015; Leismann et al., 2013) while also releasing pressure in other ways due to its easy accessibility (Schor, 2014; Yuliya Voytenko et al., 2015). Materials and Methods Participants A standard questionnaire was mailed to a randomly sample of 250 persons in April, 2018, which was responded by 241 (96.4%). Among the 250 respondents, all of them are professors and 156(64.7%) are male and female 35.3%. All of them are 40 to 70 years and have profound knowledge, so the results are credible. Procedure Questionnaires designed for anonymous response comprised of 9 questions. These questions can be divided into five parts with regard to their purposes: Q1 and Q2 gauged the common knowledge about sharing economy and sustainability and both of them are closed questions. The answer included four grades from high to low, which are know a lot, general understanding, know a little and never know. Q3 and Q4 want to learn the situation of the sharing economy around people so bicycle sharing, the most common case of sharing economy, is as the object of investigation. Both of them also are closed questions and their answer is also four grades for respondents to choose. Q5, Q6 and Q7 are open questions and they were designed to investigate the experts the influence of sharing economy for social, economic and environmental sustainability. I asked that the answers of Q5, Q6 and Q7 can not be less than twenty words. Q8 is a separate questions and it is also an open question. The purpose was to find out the disadvantages of sharing economy. Q8 and Q7 are similar but the purpose of Q8 was attempt to ascertain which sustainability is conducive to t he sharing economy. Results Table 1 shows that there are more people in the last options of Q1 (63.8%) and more people in the first options of Q2 (66.7%), so people know more clearly sharing economy than sustainability. Table 2 shows that although most people (96.7%) use sharing cycle, the future of sharing economy is contentious. This means the sharing economy still has problem unsolved so someone isnt satisfied with it. Table 1 QuestionKnow a lotGeneral understandingKnow a littleNever know Knowledge of sustainability(Q1)53(21.5%)36(14.6%)75(30.5%)82(33.3%) Knowledge of sharing economy(Q2)79(32.1%)85(34.6%)33(13.4%)49(19.9%) Table 2 Question Everyday Often Sometimes Never Usage of sharing bicycle(Q3)37(15.0%)92(37.4%)109(44.3%)8(3.3%) Optimistic Neutral Controversial Negative Future of sharing bicycle(Q4)84(34.1%)56(22.8%)67(27.2%)39(15.9%) According to table 3 ,sharing economy promotes social sustainable development in many ways. From the perspective of entrepreneurship, Schaltegger et al. stressed that shared economy does not only devote to the sustainability of itself but also to social sustainability (2011). Martin et al. (2011) and Bin Fang et al. Q6 shows sharing economy is believed as sustainable consumption (Albinsson et al., 2012; Gansky,2010), which is beneficial to decreasing the search cost and transaction cost (Nadler, 2014). Q8 shows that Sharing economy is expected to be highly ecologically sustainable (Prothero et al., 2011; Sacks, 2011) and highlights the resource-saving potentials of shared economy. Table 3 Question The influence of sharing economy for social sustainability(Q5)Sharing economy will promote human development, safety and effectiveness as well as offering more jobs while others suggested that regulations are necessary to confront with potential problems The influence of sharing economy for economic sustainability(Q6)Although being cost-saving, shared economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion The influence of sharing economy for environmental sustainability(Q7)Sharing economy will benefit environment by optimizing resources allocation, decreasing emission and saving energy while also releasing pressure in other ways due to its easy accessibility Table 4 shows problems remained to be settled down within regulations, included economic problems and environmental problems. From the table 5, we can learn that environmental sustainability is conducive to the sharing economy. Table 4 Question Disadvantages of sharing economy(Q8)Sharing economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion Table 5 Question Social sustainabilityEconomic sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability Which sustainability is conducive to the sharing economy(Q9)75(30.5%)62(25.2%)109(44.3%) Discussion The purpose of this paper is to find out the relation of sharing economy and sustainability and what is the impact of sharing economy on sustainability. This paper discussed the influence of sharing economy on sustainability. From the perspective of social aspect, positive influences included improving employment, safety and effectiveness while problems remained to be settled down within regulations. From the perspective of economic aspect, sharing economy is cost-saving and innovative for yielding economic benefits while confronting with the issues like instability on supply and demand sides, collusion and monopoly. From the perspective of environmental sustainability, sharing economy helps allocate resources and decreases the emission of green-house gases. Considering the availability, it may cause more frequent uses, which is negative to the environment. Overall, there are three suggestions, Firstly, as presented above, sharing economy influences sustainability both optimistically and pessimistically. Therefore an effective design for regulation is needed. Secondly, future research is supposed to fill the gap of international-compared as well as empirical work in terms of the impact of shared economy on sustainability. Thirdly, in the banking sector, we should give preferential treatment to sharing economy entrepreneurs, such as tax and loan. The government can promote the development of sharing economy artificially. Reference [1] Chris J. Martin. The sharing economy: A pathway to sustainability or a nightmarish form of neoliberal capitalism? 2015, 7(11). [2] Kriston A, Szabà ­? T, Inzelt G. The marriage of car sharing and hydrogen economy: A possible solution to the main problems of urban living[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(35):12697-12708. [3] Bà ¶ckmann M. The Shared Economy: It is time to start caring about sharing; value creating factors in the shared economy[J]. University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance, 2013. [4] Soota S. Taxi! Taxi!: The Impact of E-hailing Apps on the Singapore Taxi Industry[J]. 2016. [5] Chan J W Y, Chang V L N, Lau W K, et al. Taxi App Market Analysis in Hong Kong[J]. 2016. [6] Sloboda M. Uber in Bratislava[J]. [7] Charoen D. GRABTAXI: A Taxi Revolution in Thailand[J]. 2015. [8] Rayle L, Shaheen S, Chan N, et al. App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco University of California Transportation Center (UCTC)[R]. UCTC-FR-2014-08, 2014. [9] Li Y, Xia T, Duan H. The Impact on Taxi Industry of Taxi-Calling Mobile Apps in Shanghai[C] //Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. 2014 (14-3867). [10] Report T B. Our Common Future,(The Brundtland Report)[J]. 1987. [11] Hancock T. People, partnerships and human progress: building community capital[J]. Health Promotion International, 2001, 16(3): 275-280. [12] Feeney M, companies Uber R. Is Ridesharing Safe?[J]. Cato Policy Analysis, 2015, 767: 2. [13] Lee W C, Cheng B W. Incorporating e-technology to advantage in a greener taxi industry and its impact on driving performance and safety[J]. Transportation Planning and Technology, 2008, 31(5): 569-588. [14] Fang B, Ye Q, Law R. Effect of sharing economy on tourism industry employment[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015. [15] Harding S, Kandlikar M, Gulati S. Taxi apps, regulation, and the market for taxi journeys[J]. 2015. [16] Schechner, Sam. Technology: Uber Gears Up for French Trial Car-hailing apps top brass will face six charges in an emblematic battle. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition [New York, N.Y] 11 Feb 2016: B.4. [17] Sun Y. Ubers Bumpy Ride in China[J]. 2015. [20] Shaheen S A, Cohen A P. Worldwide Carsharing Growth: An International Comparison[J]. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2008, 1992(458718).

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China Free Essays

Market Growth of Imported Wine in China By Yuki Mabuchi Brief Introduction With rapid growth of Chinese GDP over the past few years, China is now the world’s fastest growing wine consumption market and yet still has huge potential as a market growth. Since Wine drinking is considered a healthier alternative to spirits and somewhat trendy, red wine is particularly popular in China. However, 90% of the wine consumed in China is still produced locally, and it is marketed as low price wines. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Growth of Imported Wine in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, it is impossible for imported wines to compete with Chinese wines on the price. Each imported wine company are challenged to find their differentiation and own marketing tools. Even though market percentage for imported wines is 10%, the prospects for continued growth are huge because of the rapid increase in wealth and increasing urbanization of the population. The main topic for my research is to analyze market growth of imported wines in China followed by Chinese WTO regulations. The research estimates the impact of market growth according to import tariff rate which declined to 14% since China joined WTO. In addition, all imported wines are subject to a range of additional taxes, duties or fees, such as liquor tax, education tax, value-added taxes and consumption taxes. These taxes, duties and fees are taken into account in the analysis which estimates the impact of a tariff reduction on the retail price of imported wines in China. The research will show statistic analysis of imported wine market from different countries different point of view. Furthermore, the research will concentrate to a specific country such as Australia and New Zealand. In the past five years, Australia has been gradually gaining market share of bottled wines from traditional market leaders including France, Italy and Spain. However, since a zero tariff has been applied to Australia’s neighbor country New Zealand, going forward with Australian wine industry will face challenges. The case study will demonstrate the challenges posed by import tariffs on the Australian wines sector by comparing New Zealand wine market in China. Outline Arrangement of every section; I. Introduction * Explain why this topic is interesting which is to study market structure of imported wines from different countries and their competition and challenges for having tariffs and taxes in China. * Explain how I will distribute this research which will include statistics of imported wine products or company in China and graph of market growth. II. Literature review * Development of imported wine market since China joined WT? ?. WTO Regulatory Overview 1. Import Tariff on wine 2. Import duty and taxes 3. Labeling Regulations 4. Intellectual Property IV. Market Overview 1. China wine market size 2. Consumer profiles 3. Distribution Channels * Economic analysis of how import duties affect price on the imported wine. * Statistic analysis by different country’s wine distribution V. Australian wine VS New Zealand wine * Introduction of Australian and New Zealand wine Statistic analysis on both market in China * The impact of trade size after zero tariff on New Zealand * Challenge of Australian wine VI. Conclusion * Prediction of market growth for imported wine in the future. * Challenge of future achievement and fight between local produced Schedule of my thesis Plan to finish in 4 months period * December/January – Find as many materials as possible and group all the materials by section and take memos * January / February – Write thesis * March / April – Finalize thesis w = 1 * ROMAN Iith supervisor How to cite Market Growth of Imported Wine in China, Essay examples

Age and Categorization of objects

Question: Describe about the Age and Categorization of objects in early children to age 12? Answer: Introduction Brief background One of the ways individuals sort out their reality is through categorizations. Normally, youthful kids appear to ingest the idea of categorization smoothly through play, conversing with others and taking an interest in daily activities. Children develop various significant cognitive capabilities since their 18months. They begin to categorize the objects in various ways from this age itself. According to some past studies, infants start categorizing complex objects like stuffed animals and organize according to the prototypes. Compelling categorization abilities empower children to perform assignments proficiently (Momen, 2002). Therefore, in this present study, the researcher investigates the categorization behaviours in early children and tries to identify the relationship between age and categorization of objects in early children to age 12. This paper is focuses around categorization of object at early age and its adaptability. Firstly it would present the extant information on ob ject categorization and its adaptability in early childhood, to be specific somewhere around 3 and 12 years old. Attempting to draw a line and aggregate up what the researcher knows so far can help to discover better approaches to examine the rise of this capacity, so essential in later stage of problem-solving. Literature Review The capacity to gathering things as per a typical trademark and after that name that trademark is an essential idea that helps kids structure a premise for organizing and sorting out their reality (Anaki and Bentin, 2009). At the point when instructors methodically show categorization strategies, they are showing a solitary ability as well as a framework for learning, critical thinking and arranging, they are likewise showing the establishment for preparing, recollecting and incorporating new information (Emadi and Esteky, 2009). Numerous individuals wonder about and even begrudge individuals who are constantly ready to put their finger on an item or information when required on the grounds that they know where to discover it. This would not be conceivable without having created complex association methodologies that incorporate categorization (Iachini, Borghi and Senese, 2008). Thus categorization helps understudies structure a premise for organizing and arranging their reality. It can turn into a framework for learning; critical thinking and sorting out and is additionally an establishment for preparing, recalling and coordinating new information (Jones et al., 2012; Mack, 2010). Keeping in mind the end goal to function proficiently, the human cognitive framework utilizes the capacity to arrange its general surroundings into significant categorizations. At the end of the day, it orders a limitless number of jolts, and this procedure is fundamental for data handling chiefly by its commitment to information organization. The trouble in researching categorization in kids before they can precisely disentangle dialect and investigate the applicable peculiarities of articles in perplexing ways has postponed our insight about right on time ability in order. The most recent many years of examination have united with a refinement of techniques a scope of trial information that depicts categorization in early childhood. For example, as of now at 3 years old years kids have right to use to numerous types of categorizations - e.g., taxonomic ones (in light of imparted properties) and topical ones (taking into account co-event in space and time) (Bornstein and Arterberry, 2010). Since postnatal life, newborn children show expanding capacities to identify perceptual likenesses and regularities in spatial relations and peculiarities of novel protests and demonstrate a developing reasonable comprehension of the physical and spatial properties of constant robust objects (Mash and Bornstein, 2011; Bornstein, Arterberry and Mash, 2010). By 4 to 6 months of age, babies see fruition of consistent surfaces and directions regardless of impediment, see deceptive contours, recognize genuine objects after presentation to two-dimensional delineations of them and separate between physically conceivable and incomprehensible occasions including robust objects (Smidts, Jacobs and Anderson, 2004; Nazzi and Gopnik, 2000). Categorization adds to rendering intelligible these generally confusing assorted qualities, permitting us to sum up crosswise over encounters, in light of the fact that Categorization relates every accomplished substance to a surviving representation (Graham et al., 2010). Categorization additionally encourages the capacity and recovery of data, and it supplies a standard of association by which new data can be managed an account proficiently in memory. Along these lines, order suggests a rudimentary sort of derivation and permits the categorizer to react to novel substances as though they were recognizable (Booth, 2008). Categorization of object alludes to imparted representations of like, yet discriminable, objects. Categorization of object passes on learning of other article properties and additionally information of properties of class individuals not yet experienced. In a word, categorization is a fundamental cognitive and formative accomplishment, additionally exhibits an impre ssive cognitive and formative test (Gaiert, Blthoff and Wallraven, 2011). Categorization are particularly profitable in early stages and early adolescence when numerous new questions, occasions, and individuals are experienced on the grounds that, without the capacity and proclivity to order, kids would need to figure out how to react again to every novel element they experience(Son, Smith and Goldstone, 2008). In this sense, bits of knowledge into how Categorization at first creates are essential to comprehension children' discernments and additionally other developing related mental capacities, for example, memory and dialect (Leibe, Ettlin and Schiele, 2008). Two perspectives on categorization supplement each other. One underlines processing, and alternate spotlights on structure. Regarding processing, substances on the planet can be ordered in diverse ways: The individuals, objects and events that people experiences consistently are not very bound into a solitary class, yet can be arranged into distinctive classes. Adults amenably classify the same elements in diverse routes in light of evolving guidelines, connections, and assignment requests. So do young children. As children get to be acquainted with the objects in an errand they can change their categorization; whether kids structure a class that incorporates or rejects certain models relies on upon the circulation of models they are presented to (Ionescu, 2007). This shows that as the children grow, they start understanding the categorization of objects more effectively. This further demonstrates that the children utilize their different depth information about categorization of objects to perceive different objects more effectively as they keep growing and get familiar with the objects (Augier and Thibaut, 2013). Further, to help children to become flexible with the categorization of objects, formative psychologists have started to outline a picture about adaptable categorization ahead of schedule in ontogeny, which speaks to the capacity to put an article in a few categorizations as per diverse categorization criteria. Case For instance, consider a cat as an animal, as a companion, or as a dark and cocoa being. Adults can do this with ease. Flexible categorization provides for children the likelihood of better adjusting to their surroundings, by the method for rethinking the applicable gimmicks of a jolt in the light of new logical request s. Late information on kids demonstrate that they also can interchange them ahead of schedule in their advancement (Mash and Bornstein, 2011). Strengths and limitations of previous research Even though the previous studies discussed in the literature review have provided significant insights on categorization of objects among different age group of children starting from infancy. It is effectively described that categorization of objects becomes easier for the children as they start getting familiar with the objects near their surrounding and thus as they keep growing they start identifying the objects more easily. The previous studies also describe that categorization of objects is mainly learnt through experience and interaction. Further, the categorization of objects includes ideas that are in view of thoughts and qualities, instead of simply physical things. However, there still exits a gap in understanding how these categorization processes develop across the relatively broad age range of early childhood to age 12. Thus, this present study would analyze the gap and make clear understanding about age and categorization of objects. Outline current study The present study is divided into five different parts. First is introduction where brief about categorization of objects and what the present study is all about is being discussed. Further, this part consists of aim and hypothesis of the study. To provide proper evidence to the current study, a literature review of previous similar studies has been discussed to have thorough understanding of the topic. Second part discusses the method of conducting this current study. This part describes the research design, procedures and also materials being used to understand the relationship between age and categorization of objects between 3-12 years age of children. The third part of this proposal emphasizes on the ethics of conducting this research. As it is aimed towards children of age 3-12years, the researcher would try to make sure that all types of safety measures and permission from their parents have be made before starting this project. Fourth part is the proposed analysis which discusses the way the information is analyzed and what kind of results are expected out of this study. Last part is appendices that consists of timeline plan of this study and also consists of ethics proposal form. Research aims and hypotheses The aim of the study is to investigate the development of conceptual reasoning in children between 3-12years, using a new task with parameters appropriate for children in this age range. In order to conduct this study, the researcher has decided to focus on following hypothesis: H0: There is difference in categorization of objects between 3-12years age of children H1: There is no difference in categorization of objects between 3-12years age of children Method Design This present study utilizes the experimental research design to understand age and categorization of objects among the children between the age group of 3-12years of age. The reason behind selecting this research design is that it helps the researcher to look at the legitimacy of the hypothesis or to focus the viability of something beforehand untried (Akker, 2006). Additional, experimental studies include profoundly controlled and deliberate methodology with an end goal to minimize mistake and predisposition which likewise builds our certainty that the control "brought about" the result (Grand and Jonas, 2012). An alternate key component of this experimental study is random assignment. Random sampling implies that if there are treatments or groups in the research, members are allotted to these groups arbitrarily (like the flip of a coin). This implies that regardless of who the member is, he/she has an equivalent chance of getting into the majority of the groups in the experiment (C ohen, Manion and Morrison, 2000). This procedure serves to guarantee that the group of selected children are similar toward the start of the study so that there is more certainty that the control brought about the result. Since, this is an academic research and has to be completed within the stipulated given time, the researcher emphasizes on using cross-sectional research study. This implies that analysts record data about their subjects without controlling the study environment. It is characterized as test gatherings along a formative way in a trial to decide how advancement impacts an exploration variable (Bordens and Abbott, 2011). The advantage of a cross-sectional study outline is that it permits analysts to look at various variables in the meantime. On the other hand, cross-sectional studies may not give unmistakable data about cause-and-effect connections. This is on account of such studies offer a depiction of a solitary minute in time; they don't consider what happens before or after the preview is taken (Quraishi, 2012). Participants The sample consisted of 50 children, aged between 3years to 12years. This sample is divided into 3 groups: one group consisted of 3-5years children with sample size of 18, other group included children between age group 6-9years with n= 17 and the last group involved children of age 10-12years with sample size 15. Children are selected from different kindergarten, primary schools, child care centres in the metropolitan area of London, United Kingdom. The inclusion criteria for this study are: Age between 3 years 0months to 12years 1month while participating in the study No past history related to psychiatric or development of neurological disorder English should be the first language Informed consent, based on the ethical procedures, will be taken from the guardians or parents of the children who are participating in the study. More or less equivalent quantities of boys and girls are taken from every age, and the sample was overwhelmingly European American with around 10% of the children of Asian American, African American, and/or mixed ethnicity. Families were enlisted through acquired mailing records recognizing new families in a more prominent metropolitan zone, and they all originated from middle- to upper -financial status family units. Materials The object categorization used is plastic toys that can be manipulated by the children. This would be more appealing to the early childhood (3-8years) than the late childhood (9-12years) compared to the graphics and diagrams which are mostly liked by the late childhood. However, according to the aim of the research study, the materials are chosen. The objects categorization consists of two settings one is the setting with 5toys and another setting with 7 toys. This would allow examining the conceptual reasoning skills in the early childhood and also late childhood. It is also hypothesized that the young children that the first group of age 3-5years would perform more poorly compared to other two groups, as they are quite immature to understand the concept behind this task or lack of reasoning skills. Thus, it is also predicted that the age differences generates different concepts and ability to shift with the concepts. Procedure In order to conduct this study, two different trials one is practice trial and then the test trial was conducted to investigate the ability of the children to make two different groups of the toys provided to them. Practice Trials: As a practice trail and introduction to the task, children were given five distinct plastic toys one is animals that included bear and dog and another one is fruits that included apple, banana and mango. The researcher then shows the children that these two are identical in nature but different toys. So, they need to separate them. Then, the researcher asks the students to put the vehicles on the left side of the table and animals on the right side of the table. Further, during the experiment, if a researcher finds that any child is unable to understand the instructions then they were asked to tell which rubber toys are vehicles and which are animals and then put them separately on the table. Test Trials: After completing the practice trials with all the groups, the researcher then showed the children 7 toys that consisted of cat, deer, elephant, bug, plane, car and bike. Then, the examiner again asked each group children to separate the toys based on animals and vehicles. If a child did not know how to sort or what to sort they were taught about the objects with the help of charts. This object categorization task included three different conditions one is explicit cueing another one is identification and free generation conditions. In explicit cueing condition, a child or a group of children who are unable to identify or sort the objects according to the categories at all were given score of 1, then group of children or a child who tried putting the toys in write place by somehow misplaced but again with write instructions, they placed the toys in right category where allotted score 2. This was identification condition. Lastly, in free generation condition, the students who placed the toys in right manner without any support was given score 3. In this way, it helps the researcher to understand which age group is able to categorize the objects properly and investigate about their reasoning skills. Ethical Considerations Ethics in terms of research means a researcher has an ethical commitment to shield the participants from damage, pointless attack of their security, and the advancement of their prosperity. In order to conduct this research ethically, the researcher focuses on three main areas, acquiring assent, guaranteeing security from mischief, and securing privacy (Creswell, 2014). Informed consent guarantees that every member has a complete comprehension of the reason and systems utilized as a part of the study, the dangers included, and the requests of the study. Capacity is an individual's capacity to procure and hold information. Data must be exhibited so it can be totally and completely caught on by every participant (BERA, 2011). Voluntariness guarantees each member's capacity to work out the force of free decision without the intercession of power, extortion, duplicity, pressure, or different types of compulsion. Consent to partake will be taken from parents. Further, remembering that no individual is hurt by serving as a member in a study. Specific consideration will be taken towards children. Further, the researcher would also focus on confidentiality or privacy of the information taken or collected from the participants for this task (Desai, 2010). The researcher ensures that the information collected will just be used to complete this academic writing only not for any other commercial use (Iijima, Aleksic and Ozaki, 2011). The researcher would also focus on several other factors in ensuring the protection of members, counting the affectability of the information in perspective of the group of children and their parents being mulled over, the setting in which the research happens, and how open the information is that is gathered and scattered (SRCD, 2007). Lastly, the researcher would also focus on termination. There is no restriction for the participants to continue with the research till end. They can terminate the deal whenever they want just 1week prior notic e. The researcher makes sure that any integrity breach during execution or development of the study will seriously affect the research study (The British Psychological Society, 2010). Proposed Analysis The researcher focuses on collecting primary data using direct observation method which is a procedure by which an evaluation group gathers information on characteristically happening conduct inside their standard setting. This is attained to by watching conditions and particular gimmicks of an influenced site from a scope of perspectives and areas to give a general perspective of the influenced territory and by taking note of these perceptions in a checklist (Vogt, 2011). The research uses the video recorder to record all the activities and behaviour of the students towards categorization of objects. Video records are coded randomly. The objects were coded according to the order in which the children touched items. Then, the researcher will make quantitative analysis on the collected data to measure effect as indicated by humanitarian markers. The reason behind using this quantitative data analysis is that it gives numeric estimates, also opportunity for fairly uncomplicated data an alysis. Further, its supports the researcher for making the right conclusion as the data collected are in its reliability (Banyard and Grayson, 2008). From, this present study and analysis of data, it is expected that age influences the categorization of object that is categorization of objects depends upon age. The children between the age group of 10-12 years are more active towards categorizing objects compared to 3-9years. The kids 3-5years need much support in categorizing the objects. Thus, it can be expected that categorization of objects is dependent on age. References Akker, J. (2006). Educational design research. London: Routledge. Anaki, D. and Bentin, S. (2009). Familiarity effects on categorization levels of faces and objects. Cognition, 111(1), pp.144-149. Augier, L. and Thibaut, J. (2013). The benefits and costs of comparisons in a novel object categorization task: Interactions with development. Psychon Bull Rev, 20(6), pp.1126-1132. Banyard, P. and Grayson, A. (2008). Introducing psychological research. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. BERA, (2011). Ethical Guidelines Foreducational Research. [online] bera.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.bera.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/BERA-Ethical-Guidelines-2011.pdf [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Booth, A. (2008). The cause of infant categorization?. Cognition, 106(2), pp.984-993. Bordens, K. and Abbott, B. (2011). Research design and methods. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bornstein, M. and Arterberry, M. (2010). The development of object categorization in young children: Hierarchical inclusiveness, age, perceptual attribute, and group versus individual analyses. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), pp.350-365. Bornstein, M. and Mash, C. (2010). Experience-Based and On-Line Categorization of Objects in Early Infancy. Child Development, 81(3), pp.884-897. Bornstein, M., Arterberry, M. and Mash, C. (2010). Infant object categorization transcends diverse objectcontext relations. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(1), pp.7-15. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Creswell, J. (2014). Research design. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Desai, M. (2010). A rights-based preventative approach for psychosocial well-being in childhood. Dordrecht: Springer. Emadi, N. and Esteky, H. (2009). Categorization of ambiguous visual objects by macaque monkeys. Neuroscience Research, 65, p.S108. Gaiert, N., Blthoff, H. and Wallraven, C. (2011). Similarity and categorization: From vision to touch. Acta Psychologica. Graham, S., Namy, L., Gentner, D. and Meagher, K. (2010). The role of comparison in preschoolers novel object categorization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107(3), pp.280-290. Grand, S. and Jonas, W. (2012). Mapping design research. Basel: Birkhauser. Iachini, T., Borghi, A. and Senese, V. (2008). Categorization and sensorimotor interaction with objects. Brain and Cognition, 67(1), pp.31-43. Iijima, Y., Aleksic, B. and Ozaki, N. (2011). Necessity for ethical consideration of research in the aftermath of disaster. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65(5), pp.535-536. Ionescu, T. (2007). I Can Put It There Too!" - Flexible Object Categorization in Preschool Children and the Factors That Can Act upon It. Cognitie, Creier, Comportament, 11(4). Jones, L., MacLure, M., Holmes, R. and MacRae, C. (2012). Children and objects: affection and infection. Early Years, 32(1), pp.49-60. Leibe, B., Ettlin, A. and Schiele, B. (2008). Learning semantic object parts for object categorization. Image and Vision Computing, 26(1), pp.15-26. Mack, M. (2010). Modeling categorization of scenes containing consistent versus inconsistent objects. Journal of Vision, 10(3), pp.1-11. Mash, C. and Bornstein, M. (2011). 5-Month-Olds Categorization of Novel Objects: Task and Measure Dependence. Infancy, 17(2), pp.179-197. Mash, C. and Bornstein, M. (2011). 5-Month-Olds Categorization of Novel Objects: Task and Measure Dependence. Infancy, 17(2), pp.179-197. Momen, N. (2002). Children use information about how objects were made when selecting the referent of a novel word. Nazzi, T. and Gopnik, A. (2000). A shift in children's use of perceptual and causal cues to categorization. Developmental Science, 3(4), pp.389-396. Quraishi, M. (2012). Research Methodlogy and its Application. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Smidts, D., Jacobs, R. and Anderson, V. (2004). The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A Measure of Concept Generation and Mental Flexibility in Early Childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(1), pp.385-401. Son, J., Smith, L. and Goldstone, R. (2008). Simplicity and generalization: Short-cutting abstraction in childrens object categorizations. Cognition, 108(3), pp.626-638. SRCD, (2007). SRCD Ethical Standards for Research with Children. [online] grainger.illinois.edu. Available at: https://xtf.grainger.illinois.edu:8080/xtfEthics/data/Codes/SRCD/SRCD.pdf [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. The British Psychological Society, (2010). Human Code and ethics. [online] bps.org.uk. Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/code_of_human_research_ethics.pdf [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Vogt, W. (2011). SAGE quantitative research methods. London: SAGE.

Positive Attitude free essay sample

Positive attitude helps to cope more easily with the daily affairs of life. It brings optimism into your life, and makes it easier to avoid worry and negative thinking. If you adopt it as a way of life, it will bring constructive changes into your life, and makes them happier, brighter and more successful. With a positive attitude you see the bright side of life, become optimistic and expect the best to happen. It is certainly a state of mind that is well worth developing and strengthening. Positive attitude manifests in the following ways:Positive thinking. Constructive thinking. Creative thinking. Expecting success. Optimism. Motivation to accomplish your goals. Being inspired. Choosing happiness. Not giving up. Looking at failure and problems as blessings in disguise. Believing in yourself and in your abilities. Displaying self-esteem and confidence. Looking for solutions. Seeing opportunities. A positive attitude leads to happiness and success and can change your whole life. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Attitude or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you look at the bright side of life, your whole life becomes filled with light.This light affects not only you and the way you look at the world, but also your whole environment and the people around you. If it is strong enough, it becomes contagious. The benefits of a positive attitude: Helps achieving goals and attaining success. Success achieved faster and more easily. More happiness. More energy. Greater inner power and strength. The ability to inspire and motivate yourself and others. Fewer difficulties encountered along the way. The ability to surmount any difficulty. Life smiles at you.

To what extent can the 1936 popular front government be seen as a missed opportunity for social transformation

To what extent can the 1936 popular front government be seen as a missed opportunity for social transformation Through a frustration with the right-wing leagues and an attempt to quell the growing menace of fascism, the left-wing Popular Front, led by Socialist LeÂÆ'Â ³n Blum, was elected into power. As Blum later reflected, it was a 'reflex of instinctive defence against the dangers which threatened French Republican institutions, and liberty itself'. In the two years the Popular Front held office they were tasked with dealing with the inherited budgetary, Treasury and currency difficulties amid rising international tension. This essay aims to critically examine the extent to which the Popular Front failed to meet the public and moreover its own expectations of achieving social transformation.The Third Republic had brought France victorious through the First Word War and Andre Tardieu had become the dominant political figure from 1929 to 1932, with the pre-war generation led by PoincarÂÆ'Â © being replaced. The franc was at unprecedented strength and the economy had never been more buoya nt.Robert Blum’s Great Decorative Painting in Janua...It is believed by many that 1930 was the peak of economic prosperity; its index of industrial production was skyrocketing and the consumer price index reached its highest level in December 1930. However it was still a predominantly rural, ageing society with a static population. Between 1900 and 1939 'its population had increased by 3%, largely due to immigration and no country in the world had a higher proportion of people over sixty' (Jackson, p.18). Tardieu was obligated to carry out a series of long overdue reforms, incorporating advancements in technology and establishment of a welfare state. Jackson referred to it as a "period of transatlantic ideas of rationalisation an economic modernisation" (Jackson p.18). At the beginning of 1931 France, like the rest of the world, began to be affected by the depression, though it acted as more as a 'paralysis than a cataclysmic blow'. Tardieu resigned...

Colima and Maya's Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colima and Maya's Cultures - Essay Example A vessel in form of a dog that considered being an exemplar of Colima culture and vessel with palace scene that determines a Maua culture are fallen under analysis. What should be mentioned is that these works of art have a lot in common, still cultural specialties are visible.  Colima culture or co-called Capacha refers to the territory of West Mexico and â€Å"dated there to the early to middle Formative period† that is 200 BCE-300 AD (Evans and Webster, 95). Death was regarded as a transfer to another world, and burials have attracted special attention in ancient times. â€Å"Ancient West Mexicans used a unique shaft-chamber tomb, an underground series of rooms reached by a narrow, vertical opening, or shaft† (IMA, n.p.). Such vessels have been surrounded the deceased and have put there with a special aim. Dogs have remained to be servants as guides to assist the dead person in his/her trip to the underworld (IMA, n.p.).   In addition, dogs are considered to be a source of food for Colima people that is why such vessel has been of great significance according to the beliefs of that population. The vessel has a dark brown color and rather and size a really small dog. The example of Maya culture belongs to the Late Classic Period in the existence of discussed culture, more exactly 600-900 AD (Foster, 17). â€Å"The culture reaches its artistic zenith† in those times (Foster, 18). That is why the vessel with palace scene is regarded as an important example of Maya culture. This is considered to a vessel for a drink with a painting scene showing â€Å"a ruler sitting on a throne, wearing a jade necklace and a headdress with exotic feathers† (IMA, n.p.). Such vessels also have buried with the people they belong to, usually that have been rich residents of those territories. The vessel is in the different tones of brown and beige color with the size of normal pot or mug.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS - Essay Example Conceptual Graphs (CG) were central versions of conceptual structures that were meant to be psychologically sensible, semantically triggered, logically solid, and computationally efficient (Sowa, 1984). Thus, conceptual graphs provided a visual representation of logic derived from linguistic networks of AI and other graphs. Sowa’s book provided a structure for future researchers to build upon in the scope cognitive science and the significance of reasoning laying down the foundations of AI. The CG provided a mathematical notation of knowledge helping to logically represent cognitive linguistics. Reasoning plays a significant role in weighing out different operators so as to manipulate it. The various principles of CG representation require the presence of psychologically sensible operations for perception, reasoning, and linguistic comprehension. Sowa (1984) has explained how reasoning works in computational systems as memory structures are organized in a way so as to employ the reasoning processes. CG again, visualize the graphic logical structure, in this case allowing for deductions to be made in a realistic manner. In trying to break down any cognitive issue, conceptual analysis lends itself to the inference of logical conclusions. Conceptual analysis and especially, cognitive graphs have helped process natural languages, where the mapping and visualization is done and in a systematic logical way thereby building the cognitive capacities of computational systems. Using the foundational structures of conceptual analysis along with other philosophical concepts, Sowa (1984) analyzes languages in terms of semantics, syntax, linguistics, and human language abilities. By delving deep into the development of linguistic capacities, he attempted to analyze the language perspective. Sowa (1984) also gives brief references to Augmented Transition Networks (ATNs) a graphical structure used in defining languages. However, no deep discussion is

Risk Assessment Research Health And Social Care Essay

Risk Assessment Research Health And Social Care Essay Risk assessment of the potential of violence to self or others has been accepted as a core element of clinical practice in psychiatric forensic community and private clinical environmental settings (Stedman et al., (2000). Risk assessment increases the ability to understand an individuals potential for violent behaviour, assists the individual to change and for organisations to better allocate limited resources to more effective treatment programs (Snowden et al., 2009). There is a significant correlation between substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, non-compliance with medication and the likelihood of aggressive behaviour amongst those with significant mental illness (Daffern et al., 2002). The link between medication noncompliance, violence and the effect medication noncompliance has on the over use of alcohol and other substances needs to be taken into account in conducting a risk assessment (Swartz et al., 1998). Daffern (2002), highlights the need for clinicians to be aware of the link between aggressive behaviours, the influence other environments and personal interactions outside of the hospital situation have on the patient and the need to take this into account when developing any risk assessment plan. There needs to be considerable care taken in developing a risk management plan to ensure that the plan does not focus on control and moves away from the primary goal of management (Heilbrun, 1997). Case Study Risk Assessment Plan James presents with three main issues that need to be focused on in the risk assessment plan. James has ongoing symptoms that would appear to indicate schizophrenia, but a more detailed assessment will need to be conducted. James has issues related to his aggressive behaviour towards others when he feels overwhelmed by his delusion schizophrenia symptoms. The first indicator of these symptoms was when he was 21 and believed he was being watched by cameras at his place of work. James reports that this delusional belief resulted in James assaulting a co worker and that police were involved and he was subsequent hospitalised. James reports twice assaulting his father when he believed his father was in his head. The James also reports a history of using illicit drugs since his early teens at high school. James reports that his marijuana use has been regular since early teens and he has on occasions misused prescription drug Valium. In adulthood, James reports use of beer and vodka has go ne from weekend binge drinking to regular four to five days a week of heavy use of beer and spirits. James also reports his tobacco use has been regular since early teens and has increased to heavy use of 30 cigarettes a day over the last 12 months. This last 12-month period also is reported by James as a period where he has increased significantly his abuse of alcohol and marijuana. From James presentation during the interview, it would be reasonable to assume that he is minimising he level of substance use. Another issue that influences James symptoms and behaviours is the noncompliance with prescribed medication, which needs to be addressed in the overall risk assessment plan (Swartz et al., 1998). Aggression Antonius et al. (2010), highlights the value of risk assessment as a valuable tool to assist the clinician to predict and prevent future violence and to improve current treatment and management protocols. Howells (1996), postulates that it is not possible to eliminate all risks of violence by forensic mental health patients, but therapeutic programs can be effective in changing violent behaviours. Although James level of violence would appear, from his self-report, to be on the lower level of violence, there appears to be in recent time a sense within James that he is becoming overwhelmed in the last 12months. This is indicated by not only what he says but also his use of substances, alcohol and tobacco usage has increased significantly in the last 12 months.. The potential for committing acts that are more violent can also be assumed to be increasing. Snowden et al. (2009), found that the testing with the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) showed good validity when attempting to assess the risk of violence amongst patients with a history of violence and mental health issues. However, Snowden (2009), also warns that the COVR test requires information from patient files as well as patient self-report, and test results may be affected by the patient who minimises their history or violence, and the lack of access to the patients file. In this case, James presents as guarded in his answers to many questions and clearly only wanted to be out of the hospital, hence there would be a high probability of James minimising his level of violent behaviour. The mention that the police were still outside would give an indicator that they may have more knowledge of James past level of violence. Doing a clinical interview to assess the level of risk without the patients file, as was occurring in this instance, would appear unwise and places the interview into a clinical interview format with low predictor validity (Steadman et al., 2000). The quality of the information that the person conducting the risk assessment has access to, will determine the effectiveness of the risk assessment process (Heilbrun, 1997). Actuarial risk assessments have been found to be significantly more valid in predicting violence than unstructured clinical interviews (Steadman et al.,2000). Hilton et al., (2001), argues that risk assessment of disordered offenders with a history of violence requires the use of actuarial assessment tools to enable a valid indicator in relation to danger to self or others. Howells (1996), argues the benefits of ensure risk management plans requires the individual to attend some form of anger management program, to assist the individual to learn more functional strategies for dealing with their current frustrations. Buchanan (2008), highlights the need for those conducting a risk assessment to be aware of the casual connection between mental disorder and violence. There needs to be more information obtained other than the basic demographic information of age, race, gender and relationship status, which should include family environment, history of victimisation of client, how a client spends their day all of which have been found to correlate with mental illness and violence (Buchanan, 2008). Substance Abuse and Non-compliance with Medication Swartz et al., (1998), found in their study that a combination of substance abuse history and a history of non-compliance with medication, either recent or long term, was found to have a significant association with violent behaviour. Swartz et al. (1998), also made the observation of a correlation between an individual with limited personal insight combined with poor understanding of their illness and role of medication. This non-compliance with medication may not be deliberate behaviour by the individual as non-compliance and substance abuse may be mutually reinforcing which results in self-medicating with alcohol and substances. James would appear to have been self-medicating for many years with a self-reported significant increase in approximately the last 12 months. James reports the misuse of prescription medication Valium at various times. James would appear to view medication as only effective if it gives an immediate reaction and would need to have medication education as pa rt of formulating an effective risk assessment/risk management plan. Any risk management plan for James would also need to incorporate a community based specialised out patient program focused on treating dually diagnosed mental illness clients (Swartz et al., 1988). Research shows a high level of co morbidity between those suffering from a mental illness such as schizophrenia and substance abuse and violent behaviour (Daffern et al., 2002). Mental Illness Although James has admitted to no serious violent acts, his history of symptoms of schizophrenia with delusions elements would have to taken as a warning of potential risk to self or others. James reports that, in the last 12 months he has been finding it increasing difficult to cope. James presents as not having insight into his mental illness, and not wanting to be compliant in any medical treatment. Taylor (1998), found in her research that of the 309 people with psychosis who had killed, the large majority (75%) were deluded at the time of their offence (p49). Patient presentation must be observed carefully when assessing risk of violence apart from the obvivious features of psychosis that may be present, but also delusions may produce symptoms of anxiety or depression and delusions can indicate the patients inability to make or maintain relationships and history of violence (Taylor, 1998). James states during his interview that his illness had caused a break up of a past relatio nship and as a result had not been in a relationship for 3 years when he had to move back to live with his parents. Rogers (2000), makes mention of the need to take into account when conducting a risk assessment not only the risk factors but the protective factors, which are factors that may reduce maladaptive behaviours on the individual. In the case of James, he appears to have a closer connection to his mother than he does with his father. However, his mother would seem to be very passive and his fathers more dominate. James mother may well have a significant impact on James being more complaint with medication, if her assistance was incorporated into a risk management plan. Her participation in the management plan may well assist James to remain compliant with medication and assist in harm minimisation strategies in relation to alcohol and tobacco use by James. Swartz et al., (1988), also advised to be aware when doing a risk assessment on a patient exhibiting non compliance with medication and substance abuse that the patient may have some underlying personality traits that may need testing f or. James does not present as a threat to himself and reports no past history of self-harming behaviours and denies any current thought of self-harming ideation. However, James current file is not available to the interviewer and it would be unwise to accept James own statement as to his current mental state. James presents as depressed, agitated, reactive and extremely frustrated which would require the potential of self-harm to be incorporated for monitoring in any risk assessment, especially if he is kept in hospital for further psychiatric assessment. Douglas et al., (2009), reports that suicide/self-harm is a risk factor when the patient has a history of schizophrenia, violence and substance abuse. Close observation of James during the interview shows that he would go into a rocking motion on numerous occasions, did not maintain good eye contact with the interviewer and indicated a number of times his level of frustration about the time he had waited and not liking hospitals. The pr obability would be that James would be kept in the psychiatric ward of the hospital for 72 hours to allow for a complete psychiatric assessment to ascertain his level of threat to himself or his father. Often people with the current presentation, clinical history and violence of James have a higher potential to assault others especially family members, which further tends to alienate them from their remaining family support (Douglas et al., 2009). Conclusion Rogers (2000) warns that risk only evaluations are inherently inaccurate (p598), which may have consequences on the client by labelling the client as violent. We must also work towards a standardised definition of risk assessment. The New Zealand Mental Health Commission (1998) defines risk assessment as a risk to the progression of symptoms of the illness, risk of the individual intentionally self-harming, the risk of self-harm that was not done intentionally and the risk of causing harm to others either by intent or as a result of risk taking behaviours. Crowe (2003), raises the issue of the need for a more specific defining of risk in the context of risk assessment and risk management. The debate in between health professionals as to whether clinical or actuarial assessment provides a higher level or risk assessment and hence reduces the risk of harm to others as well as the patient continues to be debated. Doyle et al., (2002), reports that although actuarial assessments is shown as statistically superior to unstructured risk assessment techniques, actuarial assessment focuses on static factors and misses dynamic factors such as treatment non-compliance, family dynamics, poor impulse control and substance abuse. Rogers (2000), reports that parents who are more accepting and hence understanding of the patients mental illness has been found to be a strong protective factor to assist the patient. There appears to be a need for further research to develop a more integrated approach to risk assessment to ensure a more standardised process is implemented. The risk management of violent behaviours is a complex process and requires a multidisciplinary approach that needs to focus on social, psychological and medical aspects of the individual (Howells, 1996). In the case of James, any risk management program must be approached from the broader perspective to achieve beneficial for James in the long term. Hilton et al., (2001), suggests that as demand for more valid risk assessment outcomes increase in relation to forensic mental health patients that actuarial assessment will be incorporated as an important part of the risk assessment process.

Letter to the reader Essay

To The Readers In my portfolio I will be writing about varies of things such as Georgia 411 Interest Inventory, My Career Choice, Autobiographical Incident Essay, and Persuasive Essay & Narrative Essay. In these essays you will get different types of emotions from me. Let me break down what it is that I will be writing about in the essays. First in my Georgia 411 Interest Inventory essay it’ll be about what type of learner am I? And what types of careers match your skills. Â  Secondly in my Career Choice essay I’ll be writing about a college/career dedicated to the future career I choose. The main point of this essay will be to research my career choice and create a plan of action including the amount of education required and prepare myself to be able to interview for the position in the future. Now my third essay is about an Autobiographical Incident that impacted my life in some way. How did the incident affect me? What were some thoughts during the experience? What are my thoughts on it now? This essay is something that means a lot to me because it impacted my life in so many ways. It was kind of hard trying to type up this paper without crying but it was well worth it in the end; because it brought back memories that I tried to forget. Fourthly, my essay is a Persuasive Essay it’ll be written to convince someone to adopt my beliefs on a topic. Â  Most of all lastly, my last essay is a Narrative Essay a fictional story of my very own. I do hope you all enjoy what I created in my portfolio.

I Heart Huckabees

‘Know thyself,’ said Socrates, Greek philosopher. His argument was we must know ‘thyself’ in order to be wise. As people grow up, they want to find out about themselves. Students, for example, think critically about what they want to become because adults say the thought of money equals happiness is wrong. Dr. Carl G. Jung states that, â€Å"one must get in touch with the Shadow and Anima/Animus before one can truly get in touch with Self. † The film, I love Huckabees, shows examples of existentialism and the process of finding one’s true self. Albert, Tom, and Brad were successful in dismantling and getting down to their true selves because they accept their shadow, polarize with others, and realize their persona. Albert Markovski is the protagonist who is the director of coalition called ‘Open Spaces. ’ He initially seeks the existential detectives, The Jaffes, to question the coincidental incidents with Steven. Through the process of dismantling with the Jaffes, Albert shows signs of his shadows such as jealousy, denial, and over-reaction. One’s shadow can be easily seen from a third-person point of view such as friends. Albert’s shadow is clearly shown when Bernard uses the body bag method. Jealousy, which is a sign of desire of love, is visualized in the image where Dawn says, â€Å"Stop looking at me. † Albert’s denial and over-reaction is clearly shown when Brad, Albert’s shadow, first visits the Jaffes with an objective of getting Albert fired. With unsatisfactory results from the Jaffes, Albert follows Tom and meets Catherine, student of Jaffes. Catherine identifies that Albert’s reasoning for feeling embarrassed for sadness is derived from his mother. Catherine says, â€Å"You were orphaned by indifference. † After realizing his true self, liar, he accepts and follows Catherine’s philosophy. However, he realizes that the Jaffes philosophy and Catherine’s philosophy are polarizing ideas. Through those ideas, he accepts his shadows; when he derives that him and Brad are the same and desire for love through experiencing sex with Catherine. Catherine also teaches the feeling of ‘pure being’ which is being in a state of empty thought. There are many claims and theories that emptying one’s mind can get close to one’s spiritual self such as Anima/Animus. Albert loves the feeling of ‘pure being’ state, but there is not enough information to explain if this progress is finding his spiritual self. Tom Corn is a fire fighter who is obsessed with petroleum. Due to his obsession, his wife leaves him along with his daughter. He also meets both philosophers but he mainly focuses in Catherine’s philosophy of nihilism. His success in dismantling was from the event where he saves Dawn in the burning house and falls in love with her. This attraction is because they are two opposite extremes. For instance, Tom is an aggressive type of person whereas Dawn is very positive type of person. Tom and Dawn show their successful dismantling when Dawn breaks up with Brad. It proves that Tom and Dawn trust each other which are derived from their honesty. Their relationship also shows Tom’s acceptance towards his desire for love in which he denies with rage when he sees Albert and Catherine having sex together. Although Tom needs improvement on finding his true self, his relationship with Dawn is the perfect condition which requires trust, honesty, and commitment, to help each other identify their shadow. Unlike Albert and Tom, Brad Stand is less successful in finding his true self. He only cares about other people’s opinions or rather, the society’s standard. He meets the Jaffes and does not take them seriously at all and in fact uses them to get Albert fired. His dismantling is successful when Vivian brings the recording of him repeatedly telling the story about the chicken salad and Shania. The Jaffes point out that Brad is doing this just to keep him cheerful. Brad refuses and states that he will stop telling the story. He does manage to not say the story when the corporate board of directors asks to tell the story but instead, ends up vomiting. Another significant event for Brad is when Albert burns down Brad’s house. Brad starts to question his existence just like Albert has. Although this event is nothing like his shadow, it is significant because for a person who barricades behind their mask, questioning one’s existence is a successful start. He accepts the fact that he needs help from someone when he mentions, â€Å"Yeah, okay, I’m caught up in that shit† inside the elevator with Albert. Albert suggests him to meet Catherine. Hence, Brad heads to the right direction to finding his true self. Through all the insane events that identified one’s shadow, polarization, and persona, Albert, Tom, and Brad dashes through to their true selves. Although Brad had hard time finding the starting line, Albert comes to help by burning off Brad’s mask that was blinding him. ‘Life is like a long marathon, you can’t stop, but to keep going. ’

Victims Of The New Victims - 940 Words

As stated in Ministry of Justice (2013) press release victims of crime will receive more support than ever before to help bring offenders to justice and move on with their lives. The new Victims’ Code was set up explaining that people should expect from criminal justice agencies from the moment of reporting the crime to the end of trial. According to the Code victims of the most serious crimes, including hate crime, domestic violence, terrorism and sexual offences should get access to services like pre-trial therapy and counselling. There are free support and advice are available for victims of all crimes from Victims’ Information Service. The victim of crime has the right to contact the police and be kept informed about the investigation. During the investigation the police give the victim an update on the case at least once a month until it is closed. The police will let the victim know within 5 days if someone is arrested, charged, set free etc. Also, the police have to inform the victim if they cannot investigate the crime and explain why they have dropped this investigation. After finishing the investigation, the police pass it to Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). CPR decides if there is enough evidence to take the case to court. If the charge is altered or dropped, the victim would be informed and have a legal right to request the review of CPS decision. The victim have right to provide to the police a ‘victim personal statement’, telling how the crime has affectedShow MoreRelatedA New Deal For Victims And Witnesses Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of victim in the United Kingdom has been debated throughout history. Historically victims contributed in an engaging part in contrast to their contemporary passive role within the criminal justice system. 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